American Psychological Association (APA) style is commonly used for citing references in student papers in science, medical, public health, health sciences and nursing as well as the social science.
This guide is based on the APA Manual (7th ed.) that was published in 2020.
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The following are instructional aids for the seventh edition Publication Manual, Concise Guide to APA Style, and Mastering APA Style Student Workbook.
At this time, APA recommends that text generated from AI be cited and formatted as "Personal Communication." More details regarding the guidelines on this topic can be found in a specific post on How to Cite ChatGPT written by the APA Style team.
As personal communication, it receives an in-text citation but not an entry on the References list.
Personal Communication Rule: (Communicator, personal communication, Month Date, Year)
Parenthetical Citation Example:
(OpenAI, personal communication, July 17, 2023).
When describing the connection between cattle ranching and sustainability efforts, OpenAI's ChatGPT's response included ... (personal communication, June 15, 2023).
How d
o I cite an article I found using an iPhone app?
It is irrelevant whether you read it on your iPhone, IPad, Android, Blackberry, MAC, laptop or in the library. Creating references is not about documenting "how" you located the information but providing the reader a direct path to the "original" source of the material.
Remember - the "iPhone app" is not the source of the article - the "journal" is your source. Cite it as you would any journal article.
What is a DOI? A DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet.
NOTE: It is regarded as the most important part of the citation because it will accurately direct users to the specific article.
Think of it as a "digital fingerprint" or an article's DNA!
The rules for DOIs have been updated in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. They should be included as URLs, rather than just the alphanumeric string.
Correct:
Incorrect:
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : the official guide to APA style.
The style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields.
Much of the content in this guide was used by permission from the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library in Washington DC.
